ktk2003002

Fanny Mendelssohn and Clara Shumann : Tow ‘Female Musicians’ in the 19th Century

百々, 雅子

近代家族/職業音楽家/家父長（制）/modern family/professional musician/patriarch(y)

19世紀に生きたファニー・メンデルスゾーンとクララ・シューマンは「女性音楽家」であった。職業音楽家という点ではクララが生涯をそれとして生きたのに対して、ファニーは音楽活動を通しはしたがアマチュアであったといわれる。彼女らの生涯を、その時代に女性が音楽家という職業に就くことがいかなることであったかというジェンダー的視点から見ていったとき、ファニーもクララも結局、父、夫という２人の男性と彼らの背後にある、段階、民族、家族的条件という広義の社会的条件が彼女らの音楽活動の位相を決定していったことがわかる。とくにそれぞれの父はその教育観と頑固なまでのその実践の中で娘たちを自らの「作品」に仕上げた。近代社会が形成した「近代家族」という枠組みの中で、ファニーはその類型通り家庭にとどまる女性となったが、クララはこの父の教育と経済的理由という条件が大いに働いて職業音楽家となり、結婚後は８人の子供と病気を抱えた夫のためにも職業活動を続けることになる。1980年代から始まった女性音楽家の掘り起こしの気運の中で、ファニーやクララは初めての評価や再評価の対象となっているが、この掘り起こしの気運の根底にあるフェミニズム的視点からすると、彼女らの「女性音楽家」としての生涯には父、夫といういわば家父長的存在の影響が否応なく、しかも彼女らの場合、典型的に現れてくるものである。

Fanny Mendelssohn and Clara Schumann, who lived in the 19th century, were ‘female musicians’. In terms of professional musician, it is said that Clara lived all her life as that, whereas Fanny continued her musical activities as an amateur. When we see their lives on the point of gender-how women in those days engaged themselves in profession as musician, we find that what Fanny and Clara made develop their musical activities, after all, was affected not only by their fathers and husbands but also by their social backgrounds, such as classes, races, and families. Especially each father was a creator of his daughter's talent as musician through their educational view and its obstinate practice. While Fanny stayed in her family in the typical frame of ‘modern family’ formed by the modern society, Clara became a professional musician with the ‘help’ of her father's education and her family's financial reason, and after marriage, she continued it for her many children as well as her husband. Female musicians in the past began to be re-discovered in 1980's, and Fanny and Clara has been evaluated for the first time and re-evaluated respectively in the new light. In the feminist view from which this re-discovery is derived, we observe that their lives as female musicians were undeniably, in their cases, typically influenced by their patriarchal fathers and husbands.

山梨県立看護大学短期大学部

Departmental Bulletin Paper

1342-0097

AA11404594

紀要（Bulletin of Yamanashi Junior College of Nursing）

9

1

11

25

2004/3/1

jpn